Houthi expansion into the Horn of Africa is creating a cross-border network that threatens maritime security, regional stability, and the wider Red Sea.

The collapse of the U.S.-Iran Memorandum of Understanding has revived tensions over the Strait of Hormuz, with renewed fighting and diplomacy both remaining possible.

“Israel’s” recognition of Somaliland marks a strategic partnership driven by Somaliland’s quest for legitimacy and “Israel’s” pursuit of influence in the Red Sea and Horn of Africa.

Ending IRINI’s UN mandate highlights a shift toward fragmented, interest-driven international management of Libya amid competing European priorities.